La edad al primer parto (EPP) correspon- de a uno de los parámetros más importantes para medir la eficiencia productiva de los bovinos, y a su vez, influye en el rendimiento reproduc- tivo y la composición de la leche. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de los factores del animal y del ambiente, modificables y no modificables, desde el nacimiento hasta el destete sobre la edad al primer parto (EPP) en hatos lecheros especializados de Costa Rica. Se realizó un estudio cohorte retrospectivo para cuantificar el efecto de estas variables sobre la edad al primer parto (EPP), en el estudio se incluyeron, un total de 2980 vacas de razas Jer- sey y Holstein que presentaron su primer parto entre el 2013 y 2015, pertenecientes a 22 hatos lecheros especializados, ubicados en diferentes zonas ecológicas de Costa Rica, con datos en el programa VAMPP Bovino. Se analizaron los datos mediante estadística descriptiva y un modelo lineal generalizado. La EPP promedio, para los animales en estudio, es 27,4 meses (±4,7). Variables no modificables del individuo, como la raza, presentaron efectos significativos en la EPP, con valores de 30,1 (IC95%: 29,8-30,4) y 28,4 meses (IC95%: 28,1-28,8; p<0,001) en la raza Holstein y Jersey, respectivamente. Por otra parte, se determinó un efecto significativo de la variable modificable de manejo (p<0,0001), en aquellas fincas con protocolos de alta calidad de crianza de terneras, se obtuvo una EPP de 27,6 meses (IC95%: 27,2-28,0), significativamente menor a la encontrada en las fincas con desarrollo pobre de reemplazos (EPP: 30,2; IC95%: 29,8-30,6). Esta tendencia se mantuvo, tanto en el análisis de la variable de manejo de forma independiente como en asociación con raza y finca. La eficiencia de las técnicas de crianza se reflejaron en mejores valores de EPP.
Palabras clave: Variables modificables; variables no modificables; sistemas de crianza; desempeño reproductivo; lechería especializada
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