El impacto negativo del estrés por calor (EC) en la ganadería lechera repercute en cuantiosas pérdidas económicas a nivel mundial, dado que reduce la producción de leche, la eficiencia reproductiva y la vida productiva de las vacas. Adicionalmente, el mejoramiento genético continuo resulta en vacas muy productivas, pero menos tolerantes al EC debido a que producen mayor calor metabólico. Esto en conjunto con el calentamiento global convertirá al EC en un reto difícil de controlar para la industria lechera. Como respuesta dependiente del grado de EC, el ganado lechero realiza una serie de ajustes fisiológicos, metabólicos y conductuales como mecanismos de termorregulación para disipar el exceso de calor corporal y reducir la producción endógena del mismo, todo dirigido a mantener la normotermia. Sin embargo, la secreción láctea y la fertilidad se reducen por efecto directo de la hipertermia e indirectamente por la reducción en el consumo de nutrientes dietéticos. Los consumos de alimento y de agua están asociados estrechamente con la reducción de la productividad en ganado lechero expuesto a EC. Cabe mencionar que el impacto del EC en la productividad del ganado lechero varía entre razas, siendo las razas Bos taurus menos tolerantes al EC, particularmente la raza Holstein. Actualmente, se investiga en la identificación de genes asociados con la termotolerancia, los cuales son empleados en programas de selección por marcadores genéticos para producir vacas altas productoras de leche en climas cálidos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión es hacer un análisis comprensivo de los efectos del EC sobre la producción de leche, activación de mecanismos de termorregulación y conducta de ingesta en ganado lechero.
Palabras clave: Ganado Holstein, Termorregulación, Hipertermia, Cambio climático, Conducta de ingesta.
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