El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de zeolita natural en vacas lecheras durante 105 días que incluyó las etapas de preparto (60 días) y posparto (45 días), sobre el retorno de la actividad ovárica (RAO), involución uterina (IU), salud uterina (SU) y la condición corporal (CC). Se utilizaron 50 vacas Holstein Friesian de 2 a 5 partos, alimentadas al pastoreo, con una CC ≥ 3.5 al secado, clínicamente sanas y con similares condiciones de manejo. Las vacas fueron divididas aleatoriamente en dos grupos: control (GC; n1=25) alimentadas con dieta basal y un grupo experimental (GE; n2=25) con dieta basal + 2% de zeolita sobre el consumo de materia seca (CMS), equivalente a 180 y 270 g/vaca/día durante el período seco y lactancia, respectivamente. El RAO se determinó por ultrasonografía transrectal a los 15, 22, 35 y 45 días y por la presencia de folículos ≥ 10 mm de diámetro. IU se determinó por palpación rectal a los 22 y 45 días evaluado por la posición del útero con respecto a la pelvis (PU) y simetría de los cuernos (SCU); SU por Cytobrush a los 35 días posparto y CC 15 días antes del parto, al parto y 45 días posparto. Para evaluar el efecto de la zeolita se usaron las pruebas U de Mann Whitney y Kruscall Wallis.
Los resultados de las variables ováricas, uterinas y CC fueron mejores (P < 0.001) en el GE en comparación con el GC; mayor porcentaje de vacas con RAO a los 35 días para el GE en comparación con el GC, 52 % de las vacas del GC y el 4 % de GE no reiniciaron su actividad ovárica posparto; mayor porcentaje de vacas que involucionaron su útero a los 45 días con respecto a la PU y SCU ; mejor SU a los 35 días expresados en % PMN; y una mejor CC a los 15 dap, al parto y 45 dpp. Finalmente, una correlación significativa (P < 0.001) entre la CC a los 45 dpp con porcentaje de vacas que retornaron a la actividad ovárica, SU a los 35 días e IU 45 días. En conclusión, la adición de zeolita natural en la dieta basal de vacas lecheras alimentadas al pastoreo, antes y desdespués del parto fue eficaz para estimular el retorno de la actividad ovárica, mejora la involución y salud uterina, y la condición corporal, recomendándose su uso en las ganaderías lecheras.
Palabras clave: alternativa tecnológica, clinoptilolita, nutraceútico, postparto
Al Ibrahim R M, Kelly A K, O'Grady L, Gath V P, McCarney C and Mulligan F J 2010 The effect of body condition score at calving and supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on milk production, metabolic status, and rumen fermentation of dairy cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 93(11): 5318-5328.
Andronikashvili T, Zautashvili M, Eprikashvili L, Burkiashvili, N and Pirtskhalava N 2012 Natural Zeolite–One of the Possibilities of Transition from Chemical to Biological Agronomy. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 6(2): 111-118. http://bnas.org/Science/2012/Vol.%206,%20N2/118.pdf
Andronikashvili T, Pagava K, Kurashvili T and Eprikashvili L 2009 Possibility of application of natural zeolites for medicinal purposes. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 3(2): 158-167. http://science.org.ge/old/3-2/Andronikashvili.pdf
Andronikashvili T, Urushadze T, Eprikashvili L, Gamisonia M and Nakaidze E 2008 Towards the biological activity of the natural zeolite-clinoptilolite-containing tuff. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 2(3): 99-107. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.509.6105&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Aungier S P M, Roche J F, Diskin M G and Crowe M A 2014 Risk factors that affect reproductive target achievement in fertile dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 97(6): 3472-3487.
Butler WR 2003 Energy balance relationships with follicular development, ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows. Livestock Production Science 83: 211–218.
Bromfield J, Santos J E P, Block J, Williams S R and Sheldon I M 2015 Physiology and Endocrinology Symposium: Uterine infection: Linking infection and innate immunity with infertility in the high-producing dairy cow. Journal of Animal Science 93(5): 2021-2033. https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/articles/93/5/2021
Castro R S 2011 Efecto del nivel de suplementación con propilenglicol durante el periodo de transición a la lactancia sobre actividad ovárica, salud uterina y desempeño reproductivo en vacas Holstein. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín. 92 p. Tomado de http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/5752/1/43866901.2012.pdf
Celi P and Gabai G 2015 Oxidant/Antioxidant Balance in Animal Nutrition and Health: The Role of Protein Oxidation. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2: 48. Tomado de http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00048/full
Celi P, Di Trana A and Claps S 2010 Effects of plane of nutrition on oxidative stress in goats during the peripartum period. The Veterinary Journal 184(1): 95-99.
Chapinal N, Carson M E, LeBlanc S J, Leslie K E, Godden S, Capel M and Duffield T F 2012 The association of serum metabolites in the transition period with milk production and early-lactation reproductive performance. Journal of Dairy Science 95(3): 1301-1309.
De Boer M, Buddle B M, Heuer C, Hussein H, Zheng T, LeBlanc S J and McDougall S 2015 Associations between intrauterine bacterial infection, reproductive tract inflammation, and reproductive performance in pasture-based dairy cows. Theriogenology 83(9): 1514-1524.
De la Sota R L, Madoz L, Jaureguiberry M and Dominguez G 2014 Endometritis Subclínica En Vacas De Tambo: Diagnóstico, Prevalencia e impacto sobre la eficiencia reproductiva. Spermova 4(2): 105-111. http://www.reproduccionanimal.org/site3/files/revistas/spermova%204.2/Sota_2014-II-105-111.pdf
Dogliotti G, Malavazos A E, Giacometti S, Solimene, U, Fanelli M, Corsi M M and Dozio E 2012 Natural zeolites chabazite/phillipsite/analcime increase blood levels of antioxidant enzymes. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 50(3): 195-198. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334371/
Domínguez C, Ruiz A, Pérez R, Martínez N, Drescher K, Pinto L and Araneda R 2008 Efecto de la condición corporal al parto y del nivel de alimentación sobre la involución uterina, actividad ovárica, preñez y la expresión hipotalámica y ovárica de los receptores de leptina en vacas doble propósito. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias 49(1): 023-026. Tomado de http://www.scielo.org.ve/pdf/rfcv/v49n1/art04.pdf
Edmonson A J, Lean I J, Weaver L D Farver T and Webster G 1989 A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 72(1): 68-78.
Flowers J L, Lonky S A and Deitsch E J 2009 Clinical evidence supporting the use of an activated clinoptilolite suspension as an agent to increase urinary excretion of toxic heavy metals. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements 1: 11-18.
Galindo J and Marrero Y 2005 Manipulación de la fermentación microbiana ruminal. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola 39: 439-450. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? id=193017842006
Gautam G, Nakao T, Yamada K and Yoshida C 2010 Defining delayed resumption of ovarian activity postpartum and its impact on subsequent reproductive performance in Holstein cows. Theriogenology 73(2): 180-189.
Gillund P, Reksen O, Gröhn Y T and Karlberg K 2001 Body condition related to ketosis and reproductive performance in Norwegian dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84(6): 1390- 1396.
Hernández Y G and Curbelo Y G 2015 Uso de aditivos en la alimentación animal: 50 años de experiencia en el Instituto de Ciencia Animal. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola 49(2): 173-177. Tomado de http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=193039698006
Ipek H A 2012 The effect of zeolite on oxidant/antioxidant status in healthy dairy cows. Acta Veterinaria Brno 81(1): 43-47. https://actavet.vfu.cz/media/pdf/avb_2012081010043.pdf
Ivkovic S, Deutsch U, Silberbach A, Walraph E and Mannel M 2004 Dietary supplementation with the tribomechanically activated zeolite clinoptilolite in immunodeficiency: Effects on the immune system. Advances in Natural Therapy 21(2): 135-147.
Karatzia M A, Katsoulos P D and Karatzias H 2013 Diet supplementation with clinoptilolite improves energy status, reproductive efficiency and increases milk yield in dairy heifers. Animal Production Science 53(3): 234-239.
Kasimanickam R, Duffield T F, Foster R A, Gartley C J, Leslie K E, Walton J S and Johnson W H 2004 Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 62(1): 9-23.
Katic M, Bosnjak B, Gall-Troselj K, Dikic I and Pavelic K 2006 A clinoptilolite effect on cell media and the consequent effects on tumor cells in vitro. Frontiers in Bioscience 11(2): 1722-1732.
Katsoulos P D, Panousis N, Roubies N, Christaki E, Arsenos G and Karatzias H 2006 Effects of long-term feeding of a diet supplemented with clinoptilolite to dairy cows on the incidence of ketosis, milk yield and liver function. Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association 159(13): 415-418.
LeBlanc S J 2014 Reproductive tract inflammatory disease in postpartum dairy cows. Animal 8(s1): 54-63. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridgecore/content/view/598913738F82C7FC94A92F60C7C80524/S1751731114000524a.pdf/div-class-title-reproductive-tract-inflammatory-disease-in-span-class-italic-postpartum-span-dairycows-div.pdf
LeBlanc S J 2008 Postpartum uterine diseae and dairy herd reproductive performance: A review. The Veterinary Journal 176(1): 102–114.
Madoz L V, Giuliodori M J, Jaureguiberry M, Plöntzke J, Drillich M and De la Sota R L 2013 The relationship between endometrial cytology during estrous cycle and cutoff points for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in grazing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96(7): 4333-4339.
Madoz L V 2012 Endometritis subclínica en vacas de tambo: diagnóstico, prevalencia e impacto sobre la eficiencia reproductiva. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Argentina. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/18570/Documento_completo__.pdf?sequence=3
Maurino A, Bernardi S, Rinaudo A and Marini P R 2012 Prevalencia de endometritis subclínica antes y cuatro horas después de la inseminación artificial en vaquillonas. Spernova 2(1): 47-48. http://www.reproduccionanimal.org/site3/files/revistas/spermova2/47-48-Maurino-endometritis.pdf
Madhusudhan N, Basha P M, Begum S and Ahmed F 2009 Fluoride-induced neuronal oxidative stress and its amelioration by antioxidants in developing rats. International Society of Fluoride Research 42(3): 179-187. http://www.fluorideresearch.org/423/files/FJ2009_v42_n3_p179-187.pdf
Moura A R, Tsuruta S A, Oliveira P M, Nasciuti N R, Santos R M and Saut J P 2012 Endometrite subclínica após o tratamento de vacas com endometrite clínica. Archives of Veterinary Science 17(3): 32-41. http://revistas.ufpr.br/veterinary/article/view/25529/18801
Mumpton F A 1999 La roca magica: uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96(7): 3463-3470. http://www.pnas.org/content/96/7/3463.full.pdf
NRC National Research Council 2001 Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev. Ed. 381p. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Oikonomou G, Arsenos G, Valergakis G E, Tsiaras A, Zygoyiannis D and Banos G 2008 Genetic relationship of body energy and blood metabolites with reproduction in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91 (11): 4323–4332.
Papaioannou D, Katsoulos P D, Panousis N and Karatzias H 2005 The role of natural and synthetic zeolites as feed additives on the prevention and/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases: a review. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 84(1): 161-170.
Pavelic K, Etra A and Gall-Troselj K 2005 Insights from the front lines of nutraceutical research: The Third International Conference on Mechanisms of Action of Nutraceuticals (ICMAN 3). The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 11(4): 735-738.
Pavelic K, Katic M, Sverko V, Marotti T, Bosnjak B, Balog T and Poljak-Blazi M 2002 Immunostimulatory effect of natural clinoptilolite as a possible mechanism of its antimetastatic ability. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 128(1): 37-44.
Rinaudo A 2012 Endometritis subclínica en vacas lecheras: diagnóstico, tratamiento e incidencia productiva y reproductiva. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Argentina. 119p. Tomado de http://www.fveter.unr.edu.ar/upload/ENDOMETRITIS_SUBCL%CDNICA_EN_VACAS_LECHERAS_DIAGN%D3STICO_TRATAMIENTO_E_INCIDENCIA_PRODUCTIVA_Y_REPRODUCT
Ribeiro E S, Lima F S, Greco L F, Bisinotto R S, Monteiro A P, Favoreto M, Ayres H, Marsola R S, Martinez N, Thatcher W W and Santos J E 2013 Prevalence of periparturient diseases and effects on fertility of seasonally calving grazing dairy cows supplemented with concentrates. Journal of Dairy Science 96(9): 5682-5697.
Roche J R, Lee J M, Macdonald K A and Berry D P 2007a Relationships among body condition score, body weight, and milk production variables in pasture-based dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90(8): 3802-3815.
Roche J R, Macdonald K A, Burke C R, Lee J M and Berry D P 2007b Associations among body condition score, body weight, and reproductive performance in seasonal-calving dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 90(1): 376-391.
Rutter B 2015 Diagnóstico de endometritis sub clínica en vacas lecheras. Revista Científica Maskana 6: 131-142. http://www.ucuenca.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/maskana/article/view/655/572
Sheldon I M and Dobson H 2004. Postpartum uterine health in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science 82: 295-306.
Sheldon I M, Lewis G S, LeBlanc S and Gilbert R O 2006 Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology 65(8): 1516-1530.
Sheldon I M, Williams E J, Miller A N, Nash D M and Herath S 2008 Uterine diseases in cattle after parturition. The Veterinary Journal 176(1): 115-121. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023307004327
Sheldon I M, Cronin J, Goetze L, Donofrio G and Schuberth H J 2009 Defining postpartum uterine disease and the mechanisms of infection and immunity in the female reproductive tract in cattle. Biology of Reproduction 81(6): 1025-1032. http://www.biolreprod.org/content/81/6/1025.full
Tang Z G, Wen C, Wang L C, Wang T and Zhou Y M 2014 Effects of zinc-bearing clinoptilolite on growth performance, cecal microflora and intestinal mucosal function of broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 189: 98-106.
Ural D A 2014 La eficacia de la suplementación con clinoptilolita sobre la producción de leche y el recuento de células somáticas. Revista MVZ Córdoba 19(3): 4242-4248. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0122-02682014000300005
Wang L C, Zhang T T, Wen C, Jiang Z Y, Wang T and Zhou Y M 2012 Protective effects of zinc-bearing clinoptilolite on broilers challenged with Salmonella pullorum. Poultry Science 91(8): 1838-1845. https://academic.oup.com/ps/article/91/8/1838/1550933/Protective-effects-of-zinc-bearing-clinoptilolite?searchresult=1
Wu Q J, Wang Y, Zhou Y and Wang T 2015 Dietary clinoptilolite influences antioxidant capability and oxidative status of broilers. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 24 (2): 99- 104. Tomado de https://academic.oup.com/japr/article/24/2/99/774761/Dietary-clinoptilolite-influences-antioxidant
Wu Y, Wu Q, Zhou Y, Ahmad H and Wang T 2013 Effects of clinoptilolite on growth performance and antioxidant status in broilers. Biological Trace Element Research 155(2): 228-235. Tomado de http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12011-013-9777-6
Yarovan N I 2008 Effect of zeolites on adaptation processes in cows. Russian Agricultural Sciences 34(2): 120-122.
Zarkovic N, Zarkovic K, Kralj M, Borovic S, Sabolovic S, Blazi M P and Pavelic K 2003 Anticancer and antioxidative effects of micronized zeolite clinoptilolite. Anticancer Research 23(2): 1589-1596.